ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the alternate use of flash glucose monitoring (FGM) with self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG), in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Materials and methods: Two weeks of open FGM (P2), both preceded (P1) and followed by 2 weeks (P3) of SMBG with a blinded FGM system. Mean absolute relative difference (MARD) was calculated by (|FGMi − SMBGi|) / SMBGi, where it was a paired data sample. Results: In total, 34 patients were evaluated. Time in range (TIR) did not change between P1 and P2. In 12 patients (35.3%), TIR increased from 40% at P1 to 52% at P2 (p = 0.002) and in 22 (64.7%), TIR decreased or did not change. FGM use resulted in decreased % time spent in hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL) (6.5% vs. 5.0%; p = 0.005), increased % time spent in hyperglycemia (>180 mg/dL) (44.5% to 51%; p = 0.046) with no significant change in % TIR. The proportion of patients who reached sensor-estimated glycated hemoglobin (eA1c) < 7% decreased from 23.5% at P1 to 12.9% at P2, p = 0.028. For the whole sample, the MARD between the two methods was 15.5% (95% CI 14.5-16.6%). For normal glucose range, hyperglycemic levels and hypoglycemic levels MARD were 16.0% (95% CI 15.0-17.0%), 13.3% (95% CI 11.5-15.2%) and 23.4% [95% CI 20.5-26.3%)], respectively. Conclusion: FGM after usual SMBG decreased the % time spent in hypoglycemia concomitant with an undesired increase in % time spent in hyperglycemia. Lower accuracy of FGM regarding hypoglycemia levels could result in overcorrection of hypoglycemia.

ABSTRACT Objective: There is controversy about the indication for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) screening in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The present study aims to contribute to NAFLD surveillance in patients with T2D, assessing the association of clinical and biological variables with hepatic stiffness and steatosis. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional design was used, with data collection from electronic medical records, including adults with T2D who underwent transient elastography (TE) between June 2018 and December 2019. Liver stiffness and steatosis were evaluated using TE and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), respectively, with cutoff points > 8 kpa for increased stiffness and > 275 dBm for steatosis. The relationship between clinical variables and elastography results were evaluated by bivariate correlation and multivariate analysis, using SPSS 27. Seventy-nine patients (n = 79) met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Advanced fibrosis and hepatic steatosis were detected in 17,7% and in 21,5% of the patients, respectively. There was a direct and significant correlation between CAP and BMI, waist circumference, HbA1c, triglycerides levels, and insulin doses and an inverse correlation with HDL. The waist circumference, low levels of HDL cholesterol and the insulin dose maintained a significant association with CAP values in multivariate analysis. Elastography values showed an inverse correlation with HDL and a direct correlation with BMI and insulin dose. The association was only maintained for the insulin dose in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Our results suggest that clinical factors such as insulin dose, waist circumference, and HDL cholesterol levels could identify T2D patients more likely to present NAFLD.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the performance of telemonitoring in detecting clinical and psychological needs and adherence to the protective measures imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to providing remote assistance for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a public university center in Brazil. Subjects and methods: Telemonitoring protocol included phone calls and e-mails. Patients were asked to rate COVID-19-like symptoms, psychological symptoms, epidemiological issues, and adherence to diabetes management (insulin, exercise, and diet) using a 0-to-10 scale. An e-mail address and phone number were offered for further contact if needed. Clinical, demographic, and laboratorial data from the consultations before the pandemic were collected from medical records. Results: Among 321 patients with a previously scheduled consultation over the first 15 weeks of social distancing, 237 (73.8%) could be successfully contacted. Of these, 207 (87.3%) were exclusively evaluated by telemonitoring (190 only by phone or text message and 17 who were also reached by email), and 30 (12.7%) patients attended the consultation for medical reasons detected during the telephone screening. Overall, 44 (18.5%) patients reported COVID-19-like symptoms. One (2.3%) patient was hospitalized and subsequently died. Psychological symptoms were reported by 137 (60.4%) patients and 30 (12.7%) required remote psychological assistance. Appropriate social distancing was performed by 203 (87.9%) patients, and 221 (97.8%) referred use of masks. Conclusions: Telemonitoring T1D patients during the pandemic helped reduce the need for in-person consultations, detect clinical and psychological needs, and offer support to patients in addition to monitoring suspected COVID-19 cases and the adherence to protective measures.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the direct medical costs of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to the National Brazilian Health-Care System (NBHCS) and quantify the contribution of each individual component to the total cost. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional, nationwide multicentre study was conducted between 2008 and 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. The study included 3180 patients with T1DM (mean age 22 years ± 11.8) who were surveyed while receiving health care from the NBHCS. The mean duration of their diabetes was 10.3 years (± 8.0). The costs of tests and medical procedures, insulin pumps, and supplies for administration, and supplies for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) were obtained from national and local health system sources for 2010-2011. Annual direct medical costs were derived by adding the costs of medications, supplies, tests, medical consultations, procedures and hospitalizations over the year preceding the interview. FINDINGS: The average annual direct medical cost per capita was 1319.15 United States dollars (US$). Treatment-related expenditure - US$ 1216.33 per patient per year - represented 92.20% of total direct medical costs. Insulin administration supplies and SMBG (US$ 696.78 per patient per year) accounted for 52.82% of these total costs. Together, medical procedures and haemodialysis accounted for 5.73% (US$ 75.64 per patient per year) of direct medical costs. Consultations accounted for 1.94% of direct medical costs (US$ 25.62 per patient per year). CONCLUSION: Health technologies accounted for most direct medical costs of T1DM. These data can serve to reassess the distribution of resources for managing T1DM in Brazil's public health-care system.

OBJETIVO: Determinar los costes médicos directos de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 1 (DMT1) para el sistema nacional brasileño de atención sanitaria (NBHCS, según sus siglas en inglés) y cuantificar la contribución de cada componente individual al coste total. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio multicéntrico retrospectivo transversal a nivel nacional entre los años 2008 y 2010 en 28 clínicas públicas de 20 ciudades brasileñas. El estudio incluyó 3180 pacientes con DMT1 (edad media de 22 años ± 11,8), que fueron entrevistados mientras recibían atención sanitaria del NBHCS. La duración media de su diabetes fue de 10,3 años (± 8,0). Los costes de las pruebas y procedimientos médicos, las bombas de insulina y provisiones para la administración, así como suministros para la automonitorización de la glucosa en sangre (AMG) se obtuvieron de las fuentes de los sistemas de salud nacionales y locales para el periodo 2010-2011. Los costes médicos directos anuales se obtuvieron sumando los costes de los medicamentos, suministros, pruebas, consultas y procedimientos médicos y hospitalizaciones durante el año anterior a la entrevista. RESULTADOS: El coste medio directo anual por cápita fue de 1319,15 dólares americanos (US$). Los gastos relacionados con el tratamiento, US$ 1216,33 por paciente y año, representaron el 92,20% del total de los costes médicos directos. Los suministros para la administración de insulina y la AMG (US$ 696,78 por paciente y año) significaron el 52,82% de esos costes totales. En conjunto, los procedimientos médicos y la hemodiálisis representaron el 5,73% (US$ 75,64 por paciente y año) de los costes médicos directos. Las consultas fueron el 1,94% de los costes médicos directos (US$ 25,62 por paciente y año). CONCLUSIÓN: Las tecnologías sanitarias representaron la mayoría de los costes médicos directos de la DMT1. Estos datos pueden servir para volver a examinar la distribución de los recursos para la gestión de la diabetes de tipo 1 en el sistema de salud pública de Brasil.

OBJECTIF: Déterminer les coûts médicaux directs du diabète gras de type 1 (DT1) pour le système de santé national brésilien (SSNB) et quantifier la contribution de chaque composante individuelle au coût total. MÉTHODES: Une étude rétrospective, transversale, multicentrique et à l'échelle nationale a été menée entre 2008 et 2010 dans 28 cliniques publiques de 20 villes brésiliennes. Cette étude incluait 3180 patients atteints de DT1 (moyenne d'âge de 22 ans ± 11,8) qui ont été interrogés alors qu'ils étaient pris en charge par le SSNB. En moyenne, ils étaient atteints par la maladie depuis 10,3 ans (± 8). Les coûts des tests et des interventions médicales, des pompes à insuline et des équipements pour son administration, ainsi que des fournitures pour l'autosurveillance du taux de glycémie (ASTG) ont été obtenus à partir de sources provenant du système de santé national et local sur 2010-2011. Les coûts médicaux directs annuels ont été calculés en ajoutant les coûts des médicaments, des fournitures, des consultations médicales, des interventions et des hospitalisations au cours de l'année précédant l'enquête. RÉSULTATS: La moyenne du coût médical direct annuel par habitant s'élevait à 1319,15 dollars. Les dépenses liées au traitement - 1216,33 dollars par patient et par an -ont représenté 92,20% du total des coûts médicaux directs. L'équipement nécessaire à l'administration d'insuline et à l'ASTG (696,78 dollars par patient et par an) a totalisé 52,82% du total de ces coûts. Dans l'ensemble, les interventions médicales et l'hémodialyse ont représenté 5,73% (75,64 dollars par patient et par an) des coûts médicaux directs, et les consultations ont représenté 1,94% de ces mêmes coûts (25,62 dollars par patient et par an). CONCLUSION: Les technologies de la santé ont constitué la majeure partie des coûts médicaux directs du DT1. Ces données peuvent être utilisées pour réévaluer la distribution des ressources pour la prise en charge du DT1 par le système de santé publique brésilien.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência de uma intervenção não farmacológica, constituída de uma dieta de baixo índice glicêmico (IG) por um período de seis meses, no controle metabólico e nos indicadores antropométricos de pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Noventa e seis pacientes com DM1 foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, bioquímica e dietética antes e 6 meses após a prescrição de uma dieta baseada no índice glicêmico. RESULTADOS: Observamos diminuição significativa da A1c (9,8 ± 2,26% vs. 9,1 ± 2,16%; p = 0,023) e aumento de peso (61,3 ± 11,68 kg vs. 62,8 ± 12,07 kg; p = 0,04) após o período de intervenção. CONCLUSÃO: A dieta de baixo índice glicêmico foi capaz de melhorar o controle glicêmico em pacientes com DM1. Estudos com maior tempo de seguimento serão necessários para estabelecermos se a aderência dos pacientes a esse tipo de dieta influencia na manutenção do controle glicêmico.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of a non-pharmacological intervention, consisting of a diet low glycemic index (GI) for a period of six months on metabolic control and anthropometric parameters in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-six type 1 diabetic patients underwent an anthropometric, biochemical and dietary assessment before and six months after the prescription of diet based on the glycemic index. RESULTS: After six months we observed a decrease in A1C levels (9,8 ± 2,26% vs. 9,1 ± 2.16%; p = 0,023) and increase in body weight (61,3 ± 11,68 kg vs. 62,8 ± 12,07 kg; p = 0,04). CONCLUSION: A low GI diet improved glycemic control in patients with DM1. Further studies with longer time of follow-up are needed to assess if patients' adherence to this kind of diet influences the maintenance of glycemic control.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a confiabilidade da classificação do estado nutricional (EN) obtida através do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e três diferentes métodos de composição corporal (CC) em indivíduos diabéticos tipo 1 (DM1) e não diabéticos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 84 pacientes com DM1 e 37 controles. Coletaram-se os dados antropométricos para calcular o IMC e a avaliação da CC foi obtida por meio dos métodos de dobras cutâneas (DC), bioimpedância elétrica bipolar (BI) e tetrapolar (TT). A adequação entre as classificações de cada método foi determinada pelo coeficiente Kappa (K). RESULTADOS: Dentre os 84 pacientes, apenas 48 (57,1%) apresentaram classificação do IMC concordante com o método de DC, 58 (69%) com o de BI e 45 (53,5%) com o de TT. Os resultados do K para os indivíduos com DM1 foi de DC = 0,261, BI = 0,320 e TT = 0,174. Os controles apresentaram valores maiores (DC = 0,605, BI = 0,360 e TT = 0,400). Porém, todos os valores foram considerados baixos. CONCLUSÕES: O método de IMC mostrou-se pouco sensível às variações na CC dos indivíduos com DM1. Métodos próprios para a avaliação da CC devem ser utilizados na classificação do EN dessa população.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability of classification of nutritional status (NS) obtained through the body mass index (BMI) and three different methods of body composition (BC) in individuals type 1 diabetics (T1D) and non-diabetic subjects. METHODS: 84 patients with T1D and 37 controls were evaluated. Anthropometric data was collected to calculate BMI and assessment of BC was performed through the methods of skinfold thickness (SF), bipolar (BI) and tetrapolar (TT) bioelectrical impedance. The agreement between the scores of each method was determined by Kappa (K) coefficient. RESULTS: Considering all the patients, only 48 (57.1%) presented classification of BMI that agreed with the SF method, 58 (69%) with the BI and 45 (53.5%) with the TT. The K results for individuals with T1D was DC = 0.261, BI = 0.320 and TT = 0.174. The controls had higher values (DC = 0.605, BI = 0.360 and TT = 0.400). However, all values were considered low. CONCLUSIONS: The method of BMI showed little sensitivity to BC changes in patients with T1D. Appropriated methods for the assessment of BC should be used to classify the NS of this population.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a evolução para hipertensão arterial (HA) e pré-hipertensão em pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 e os fatores preditores dos níveis pressóricos finais. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional contendo 127 diabéticos tipo 1 avaliados clínica e laboratorialmente e seguidos por 5 (2,4-9,2) anos. RESULTADOS: Dos pacientes inicialmente normotensos, 21,7% desenvolve-ram pré-hipertensão, 4,7% HA e 73,6% permaneceram normotensos. Dos pré-hipertensos, 35% normalizaram níveis pressóricos, 50% permanece-ram pré-hipertensos e 15% desenvolveram HA. O risco relativo de desenvolver HA foi de 3,2 (0,8-12,3) no grupo pré-hipertenso comparado ao grupo normotenso. As prevalências de pré-hipertensão e hipertensão aumentaram de 15,7% para 26% e de 0,8% para 7%, respectivamente, durante o seguimento. Níveis iniciais de creatinina sérica foram preditores dos níveis finais de pressão arterial diastólica e sistólica. CONCLUSÃO: Destaca-se a necessidade de estabelecer vigilância quanto aos níveis pressóricos e de creatinina sérica, mesmo quando estes ainda se encontram dentro da faixa de normalidade no intuito de minimizar os efeitos deletérios da HA no desenvolvimento de nefropatia e doenças cardiovasculares.

PURPOSE: Check the evolution of type 1(T1) diabetic patients to hypertension and prehypertension and baseline factors related to final blood pressure levels (BP). METHODS: Observational study involving 127 T1 diabetic patients submitted to clinical and laboratorial evaluation and followed by for 5 (2.4-9.2) years. RESULTS: From the initially normotensive patients, 21.7% developed prehypertension, 4.7% developed hypertension and 73.6% remained with normal BP. From the prehypertensive patients, 35% returned to normal BP, 50% remained prehypertensive and 15% developed hypertension. The relative risk for hypertension development was 3.2 (0.8-12.3) in the prehypertensive compared to the normotensive group. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension increased from 15.7% to 26% and 0.8% to 7% respectively. Levels of serum creatinine predicted final levels of systolic and diastolic BP. CONCLUSION: It is emphasized the importance of renal function and BP evaluation even when they are in normal range to minimize the deleterious effects of hypertension in the development of nephropathy and cardiovascular disease.

Com a intensificação do controle glicêmico no tratamento do diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1), houve uma mudança progressiva das causas de mortalidade com destaque para a DCV. A identificação de fatores de risco, como a dislipidemia, tornou-se de grande importância para minimizar o risco de complicações crônicas micro e macrovasculares. As diretrizes para prevenção de doença coronariana em diabetes, geralmente, fazem referência ao diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2), com pouca recomendação específica para o DM1. Definir alvos terapêuticos ou indicação de intervenção farmacológica é mais controverso nesse tipo de diabetes, em virtude da faixa etária desses pacientes. O presente estudo busca destacar a importância de estabelecer o diagnósti-co da dislipidemia nesse grupo de pacientes e instituir terapêutica adequa- da e precoce, objetivando alcançar as metas estabelecidas para reduzir o perfil lipídico aterogênico desses pacientes.

With the intensive glycemic control in the therapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, cardiovascular disease has been the main cause of mortality. Identification of risk factors, such as dyslipidemia is considered of great importance in terms of avoiding chronic micro and macro vascular complications. The statements for prevention of coronary artery disease in diabetes are generally are related do type 2 diabetes mellitus and little attention is paid to T1DM. Defining therapeutical targets and indications for treatment are more controversial in these patients due to their young ages. The present study aims to emphasize the importance of establishing the diagnosis of dyslipidemia in this group of patients as well as indicate the appropriate and early treatment, in order to reach the targets of treatment and reduce the atherogenic lipid profile.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o risco cardiovascular (RCV) em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) de acordo com os critérios de Framingham, e sua associação com outros fatores não incluídos no escore de Framingham. DESENHO DO ESTUDO E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, em corte transverso, 333 pacientes DM2 (215 do sexo feminino) com média de idade de 59,6 ± 9,7 anos, acompanhados no Serviço de Diabetes e Metabologia do HUPE no período de março de 2004 a fevereiro de 2005. A duração conhecida do diabetes foi de 12 (0 a 43) anos. Foi aplicado o escore de Framingham em todos os pacientes para determinação do risco de morte por doença coronariana. Os pacientes foram estratificados em grupos quanto ao RCV em 10 anos: < 20% e > 20% de probabilidade de apresentar um evento CV. RESULTADOS: O RCV, em 10 anos na amostra estudada, foi de 18,7 ± 10,8%, sendo maior no sexo masculino do que no feminino [20% (253) vs. 15% (127), p< 0,001]. A prevalência de risco > 20% do escore de Framingham foi maior no sexo masculino (55,1%) do que no feminino (38,6%) (p= 0,003). O RCV foi correlacionado à duração conhecida do DM, níveis de triglicerídeos (TGs), creatinina, glicemia pós-prandial e circunferência abdominal (CA). Houve associação do RCV com a CA, pela classificação da IDF (International Diabetes Federation) (p< 0,001) e Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) (p= 0,003). Na regressão múltipla em stepwise, encontramos correlação significativa e independente do RCV com as seguintes variáveis: sexo masculino, duração conhecida do DM, creatinina plasmática, CA e TGs (p< 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A população diabética estudada apresentou alto risco para eventos cardiovasculares segundo os critérios de Framingham, principalmente os pacientes do sexo masculino. Considerando-se o elevado custo das investigações cardiológicas para o sistema de saúde público, estudos posteriores poderão ratificar se a aplicação rotineira deste escore, prático e não-invasivo, permitiria um melhor direcionamento na solicitação destas investigações. Isto poderia resultar na adoção de medidas de intervenção mais precoces e intensivas nos pacientes, no sentido de reduzir ou controlar o risco coronariano.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate cardiovascular risk (CR) in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients according to Framingham criteria and its possible relationship with other risk factors not included in the Framingham score. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 333 T2DM outpatients (215 females), aged 56.9 ± 9.7 years followed regularly from March 2004 to February 2005 in the Diabetes Unit in our Universitary Hospital. The known diabetes duration was 12 (043) years. In order to determinate the risk of death from coronary artery disease (CAD), we applied the Framingham score. Patients were classified in two groups, according to their probability of having a cardiovascular event in ten years: < 20% and > 20%. We intended to establish a correlation between the CR verified in this population and other variables probably related to CR not included on Framingham score. RESULTS: The CR in ten years was 18.7 ± 10.8% in the whole population, being higher in male than female [20% (253) vs. 15% (127); p< 0.001]. Fifty five percent of males and 38.6% of females had a CR > 20% according to Framingham score (p= 0.003). The CR was related to diabetes duration, triglycerides (TG), creatinine and 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (2G) levels and abdominal circumference (AC) either according to International Diabetes Federation (p< 0.001) or World Health Organization (p= 0.003) criteria. In the stepwise multivariate analyses we found an independent and significant correlation of CR with the following variables: gender (male), diabetes duration, plasma creatinine levels, AC and TG (p< 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our T2DM patients represent a high-risk population for cardiovascular events according to the Framingham score, mainly males. Routine use of Framingham score, which is feasible and noninvasive, could identify such patients and institute precocious and intensive measures in order to reduce their cardiovascular risk.